Distribution of Wealth in Islam

Across the world, alongside the diversity of religions and beliefs, different systems of wealth distribution have also evolved. Disagreements among people over religion and worship have often extended into disagreements over economic systems. As a result, every major religion and belief system has developed its own economic framework for managing wealth within its community. Each system presents its own theory of wealth distribution, often in contrast to others, leading to intense debates, criticism, objections, and even armed conflict among followers of different ideologies.

These debates commonly revolve around three major economic systems:

1. The Islamic Economic System
2. Capitalism
3. Socialism

At the core of these systems lies a fundamental disagreement over how wealth should be distributed. To understand these differences, it is essential to examine each system individually and comparatively.

1. The Islamic Economic System and Wealth Distribution

Islam is a complete and divine religion based on belief in one God—Allah Almighty—who is the Creator and Sustainer of the entire universe. He created human beings, jinn, animals, birds, insects, sea creatures, land, mountains, stars, the sun and moon, and He is the Giver of sustenance and the Creator of life and death. Allah sent Prophets (peace be upon them all) throughout history to guide humanity, revealing divine scriptures such as the Holy Qur’an and earlier holy books.

Muslims are those who follow Islam by obeying the commands of Allah as revealed in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah (teachings) of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Concept of Wealth in Islam

In Islam, wealth distribution is a comprehensive and balanced system. Islam discourages ignorance, injustice, miserliness, greed, extravagance, monasticism, and social disorder. It promotes moderation, responsibility, and social welfare.

Islam teaches that sustenance for all creatures is distributed and managed solely by Allah Almighty. He grants different levels of provision—some are given abundance, some moderation, and some very little—but no one is meant to die of hunger. This diversity is part of divine wisdom and a test for humanity.

Islam encourages individuals to seek lawful (halal) livelihoods and improve their economic condition. However, wealth is not considered the ultimate goal of life. It is a means to sustain life and fulfill responsibilities, while the true purpose of existence lies in worshipping Allah, seeking His forgiveness, believing in the Prophets, divine books, angels, the Day of Judgment, Heaven, and Hell.

Islam teaches that everything a person possesses—wealth, property, health, and blessings—belongs ultimately to Allah. Humans are only temporary trustees. As stated repeatedly in the Holy Qur’an:

“To Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth, and whatever is between them, and whatever is beneath the soil.”

Islam strictly forbids unjust consumption of others’ wealth and allows trade only through mutual consent. It commands fairness in business dealings, accurate measurement and weight, timely payment of wages, and care for the poor and needy. The Prophet (PBUH) said that a laborer should be paid before his sweat dries.

Instruments of Wealth Distribution in Islam

Islam offers a unique and unmatched system for wealth distribution through several mechanisms:

1. Zakat (Obligatory Charity)

Zakat is a mandatory obligation for financially capable Muslims and is one of the five pillars of Islam. It is levied at a rate of 2.5% on wealth held for one full lunar year, including cash, business assets, gold, silver, and trade goods.

Zakat becomes obligatory if a Muslim possesses:

• Gold exceeding 7.5 tolas
• Silver exceeding 52.5 tolas
• Equivalent wealth in cash or trade goods

The Holy Qur’an repeatedly associates Zakat with prayer (Salah):

“Establish prayer and give Zakat.” (2:45)
“Establish prayer, give Zakat, and obey the Messenger.” (24:56)
“And they were commanded only to worship Allah, establish prayer, and give Zakat.” (98:5)

Allah promises reward and security to those who pay Zakat:

“Those who believe, do good deeds, establish prayer, and give Zakat—there is no fear for them, nor shall they grieve.”

Example:
If a person owns Rs. 100,000 for one year:
Zakat = 2.5% = Rs. 2,500

For gold, the current market value is calculated and Zakat is applied accordingly.

2. Ushr (Agricultural Zakat)

Ushr applies to agricultural produce and is mentioned in the Qur’an:

“Eat of its fruit when it yields and give its due on the day of harvest.” (6:141)

Ushr is charged at:

• 5% if artificial irrigation is used
• 10% if crops are watered naturally (rain, rivers, springs)

Ushr is calculated on gross produce, without deducting expenses, and is distributed among the poor, orphans, widows, and needy.

3. Sadaqah (Voluntary Charity)

Sadaqah includes any voluntary act of kindness—money, food, clothing, planting a tree, removing obstacles from the road, smiling kindly, or offering water to someone. It has no fixed amount.

Sadaqat-ul-Fitr

This is an obligatory charity paid before Eid-ul-Fitr by those who can afford it. It is calculated per family member and can be paid in cash or food items such as wheat, barley, dates, or raisins. Scholars announce the amount annually based on market prices.

Sadaqah serves as spiritual protection against calamities, illness, and misfortune.

4. Charity

Charity can also be offered on behalf of deceased persons to benefit them in the hereafter. It includes giving food, clothing, or money to the poor and needy. There is no fixed limit.

5. Kaffarah (Expiation)

Kaffarah is compensation paid for certain violations, such as:

• Breaking a fast intentionally
• Breaking an oath
• Certain violations during Hajj
• Inability to fast due to illness

It involves feeding the poor, clothing them, or paying a prescribed amount.

6. Inheritance

Islam provides a detailed inheritance system outlined in Surah An-Nisa. After settling funeral expenses, debts, unpaid Zakat, Kaffarah, and other obligations, the remaining estate is distributed among heirs—wives, sons, daughters, and relatives—according to shares fixed by Allah Almighty.

Conclusion

The Islamic Economic System presents a comprehensive, balanced, and humane approach to wealth distribution. It ensures social justice, reduces inequality, prevents hoarding, and promotes compassion. Unlike other economic systems, Islam combines material responsibility with spiritual accountability, making it a complete way of life (Deen) for humanity.